Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man Essay - 2203 Words

Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man A twisted coming-of-age story, Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man follows a tormented, nameless protagonist as he struggles to discover himself in the context of the racially charged 1950s. Ellison uses the question of existence â€Å"outside† history as a vehicle to show that identity cannot exist in a vacuum, but must be shaped in response to others. To live outside history is to be invisible, ignored by the writers of history: â€Å"For history records the patterns of men’s lives†¦who fought and who won and who lived to lie about it afterwards† (439). Invisibility is the central trait of the protagonist’s identity, embodied by the idea of living outside history. Ellison uses the idea of living outside the scope of†¦show more content†¦This is an early look at the invisibility the narrator describes throughout the book. Unknowingly, he attributes these negative traits to the invisibility he will later claim as his own. Along with Mr. Nort on, the Invisible Man later idolizes the white leaders of the cult-like Brotherhood. When he identifies with these eminent white figures, he perceives himself to be counted, a part of history. Ras the Exhorter, the Africanist enemy of the Brotherhood, introduces the concept of existence outside of history that will inevitably alter the Invisible Man’s self-perception. The Invisible Man visits Ras the Exhorter with Tod Clifton, the other prominent, young, black member of the Brotherhood. Ras lambastes the Brotherhood and suggests that the two should identify on the basis of skin color: â€Å"You my brother, mahn. Brothers are the same color; how the hell you call these white men brother?† (370). The main character responds that his allies are â€Å"all men who want a brotherly world,† but Ras challenges the young men’s conceptions of reality, saying, Don’t be stupid, mahn. They white, they don’t have to be allies with no black people†¦Where’s your black intelligence†¦Thinking like that will get you lost in the backwash of history†¦I ask both of you, are you awake or sleeping? What is your pahst and where are youShow MoreRelatedMetaphors In Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man1235 Words   |  5 PagesMetaphors in Invisible Man Ellison uses many examples of metaphors in his novel to convey invisibility, especially with references to music, imagery, and the use of a nameless character. With literature that challenged the accepted ideals surrounding that time period, Ellison expresses his thoughts by comparing an invisible man to various relatable subjects in life. When the narrator firsts starts on his journey and gets constantly bumped, he states that â€Å"You constantly wonder whether you aren’tRead MoreAnalysis Of Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man756 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery, despite being abolished about 160 years ago, we as a society continue to emote those racist and bigoted feelings that those times fermented. Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man portrays how the narrator, Invisible Man (I.M), must confront the society that he resides in, where one’s skin color plays a huge factor in one’s success. With the intent to build a better life without the higher, more formal educati on planned to use, he was denied of that after being exiled from his college in the SouthRead More Ralph Ellison’s Prologue to the Invisible Man Essay1119 Words   |  5 PagesRalph Ellison’s Prologue to the Invisible Man The Invisible Man is not a story of things that go bump in the night, but of those in society who people refuse to â€Å"see†. The essay was written by Ralph Ellison, an African American writer of the 20th century, whose stories tended to focus on racial issues. The main character of this story’s prologue is anonymous and unseen. He resides in a basement and lives off stolen energy in Harlem New York. Throughout the essay it is hard to determineRead More Ralph Ellisons novel, Invisible Man. Essay746 Words   |  3 PagesRalph Ellisons novel, Invisible Man. The unnamed, main character and narrator of Ralph Ellisons novel, Invisible Man, goes through the story being thrown from one ideology to another in search for a sense of individual truth. The narrator finds that following an ideology does not help him find individualism whatsoever but only confines what he can be. The narrators grandfather gave him his first and most prominent ideology in which he were to follow. Son, after Im gone I want youRead More Analysis of Ralph Ellisons The Invisible Man Essay934 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Ralph Ellisons The Invisible Man The prologue from The Invisible Man deals with many issues that were palpable in the 1950s, and that unfortunately are still being dealt with today. An African-American man who refers to himself as the invisible man goes through life without being truly noticed as a person. He states that because of his skin color he is only looked down upon, if he is ever noticed at all. The invisible man goes through life living in a closed down part of aRead More The Narrators Metamorphosis in Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man2968 Words   |  12 PagesThe Narrators Metamorphosis in Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man A mere glance at the title of Ralph Ellisons book, Invisible Man, stimulates questions such as, Who is this man? and, more importantly, Why is this man invisible? The anonymous narrator of Ellisons novel begins by assuring the reader that he is, in fact, a real person and is not invisible in the Hollywood sense of the term, but, rather, invisible simply because people refuse to see him for who he really is (3). The actionsRead MoreCharacter Development In Ralph Ellisons The Invisible Man1547 Words   |  7 Pagesis reflected onto the work of literature they write about. This is also the case for Ralph Ellison’s acclaimed first novel, The Invisible Man, in which he creates a bildungsroman by utilizing the unnamed narrator’s psyche to develop the invisible man’s search for his place in society, weaving a hero’s adventure from the contrasting South and North, and also discovers his own place within his real society. Ralph Ellison had a unique childhood that shaped his views of American culture and in returnRead More The Narrator in Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man Essay2063 Words   |  9 PagesThe Narrator in Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man The narrator in Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man views himself as invisible because he believes the world is full of blind men who cannot see him for who is really is. In the beginning of the story, the narrator is treated by white men as the stereotypical black male - sex-hungry, poor and violent. These white men areRead MoreRacism In Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man1573 Words   |  7 Pagesthirteenth and fourteenth centuries and continues today although it isnt near as bad as it was before the 1900s. Invisible Man, written by Ralph Ellison and published in 1952, uses objects that symbolize the narrator to aid in the explanations of the racial views of society. The main character of the novel calls himself the Invisible Man (IM). Though, not characteristically invisible, narrates his perspective of racial oppression. The novel depicts the immoral ways of racism. One of which is theRead MoreThe Importance Of Individuality In Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man1420 Words   |  6 Pagesindividual. Those who deny individual rights cannot claim to be defenders of minorities.’ These words of Russian-American philosopher Ayn Rand call for the fundamental need for respect of individual rights by those with power. Throughout Ralph Ellison’s novel , Invisible Man, this idea resurfaces periodically, as a black narrator attempts to find his place in a white man’s world. While exploring many internal struggles, the narrator comes to realize that he has been manipulated by multiple groups. Each

Essay on Robert Frosts Life and Accomplishments - 1244 Words

â€Å"In three words I can sum up everything I’ve learned about life: it goes on.† After a lifetime of ups and downs, Robert Frost said this quote. Most of his poems already shared his message, that life is not as easy as it may first appear to be. He used the simplicity of nature and vernacular speech to give his poems a casual mood, though underneath they display a much deeper meaning of life. These poems help to show people just some of the difficult things that will be faced in life, despite everything done to prevent them from happening. In particular, his poems â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay,† â€Å"Fire and Ice,† and â€Å"Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening,† incorporate this meaning into them while on the surface, they seem like just simple poems†¦show more content†¦During his residency, he was able to publish two books of poems, â€Å"A Boy’s Will† and â€Å"North Of Boston.† Frost moved back to the U.S. on ce World War I began to start, and there, was then able to publish more works. Modern American Poetry says that his life was pretty mild up until the 1930’s, where a number of tragedies occurred in succession. First, in 1934, his youngest daughter Marjorie fell ill to puerperal fever and died from it. Then in 1938, Elinor, his wife, died of a heart attack. Finally at the end of the decade, in 1940, his son Carol committed suicide. These tragedies leaked into his book of poems, â€Å"A Witness Tree† quite significantly, though Frost felt the book contained some of his greatest pieces (The Oxford Companion). Meanwhile, Frost’s poetry was continually gaining in popularity, and he won numerous awards for his works. Robert Frost died in January, 1963, but his poetry lived on and continued to teach the world the lessons and hardships he had experienced in his lifetime. Frost’s poem, â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay† is a very easy and brief read, but it provokes the mind to think about the good things in life in a different way. Upon first reading this poem, it seems like Frost is just writing about how nature’s beauty is always changing. If looked into more, though, it can be interpreted as relating to life. Frost used nature’s constant shift in seasons as a symbol that nothing good in life willShow MoreRelatedRobert Frost s Writing Style1589 Words   |  7 Pages Robert Frost once said, â€Å"The figure a poem makes. It begins in delight and ends in wisdom... in a clarification of life - not necessarily a great clarification, such as sects and cults are founded on, but in a momentary stay against confusion† (Robert Frost Quotes). This same kind of thinking opened the door for metaphorical poetry that helped to show the poets transparency. His love for the social outcast and the struggles of his life are exhibited greatly in his poems. Robert Frost helpedRead MoreRobert Frost : The Love Of Writing Essay1068 Words   |  5 Pages Robert Frost: For The Love of Writing There are and have been many great writers in the current day and throughout history. They all have different accomplishments, and most hold college diplomas. While Robert Frost didn’t receive a diploma from either of the colleges he attended, his success shows that it is not required. So what is it about him that many still consider him to be a great writer? What is it about his poems and writings? Are they only words, or do they hold something more†¦aRead MoreBiography of Robert Lee Frost Essay650 Words   |  3 PagesBiography of Robert Lee Frost Biography of Robert Lee Frost A poem begins with a lump in the throat, a home-sickness or a love-sickness. It is a reaching-out toward expression; an effort to find fulfillment. A complete poem is one where an emotion has found its thought and the thought has found the words Robert Lee Frost once said. Robert Frost is widely admired and recognized for his literary works. He was an honored poet of the twentieth century. Frost may have lived a troubling life, but thatRead More Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken - The Ambiguous Road Essay1030 Words   |  5 Pagesfear(95). Many people consider Robert Frost to be a great poet with many accomplishments. His work is well known throughout Europe and the United States; however, most people do not know the kind of life Frost led. On the surface, Frost seems to be a skilled writer filled with ambition and determination, yet, on the inside, he is a man constantly tormented by a haunting past and many unknown tragedies. Frost often conveys his feelings in his poetry; thus, just as Frosts life has an underlying meaningRead MoreEssay On Robert Frost1194 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Frosts Life and Accomplishments â€Å"Dont ever take a fence down until you know why it was put up.† What a great quote by Robert Lee Frost, and there remain many of more that he wrote. Robert Frost wrote many of his best poems on several levels of meaning. He was one of best and most loved and respected poets. He did a great job capturing the hearts of his audience with his natural imagery and ability to use many metaphors to reveal the realism that he was trying to create. However, RobertRead More Life and Death in Frosts Stopping by Woods and Thomas Do Not Go Gentle 1545 Words   |  7 PagesLife and Death in Frosts Stopping by Woods and Thomas Do Not Go Gentle  Ã‚   Robert Frosts Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening and Dylan Thomas Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night reflect deeply on both life and death. Frost interprets death as rest and peace from a hard and deserving life, whereas Thomas depicts death as an early end to an unfulfilled life. Contrary to Thomass four characters who rage against death because of its premature arrival, Frosts speaker accepts death butRead MoreA Brief Biography of Robert Lee Frost1119 Words   |  5 Pages Final Copy Robert Lee Frost was born March 26th 1874 in San Francisco California. He was born to parents William Prescott Frost and Isabelle Moodie. His father was a teacher and later an editor of the San Francisco Evening Bulletin, which later merged with the San Francisco Examiner, following his death on May 5, 1885, the family uprooted and moved across the country to Lawrence, Massachusetts with ‘Robert’s’ Grandfather. After graduating from Lawrence High School in 1892, Robert attended DartmouthRead MoreReminiscence of Birches779 Words   |  3 PagesReminiscence of â€Å"Birches† Robert Frost’s â€Å"Birches† is a poem that makes incites towards the shortness of one’s life. In the poem, Frost reminisces on his childhood, and remembers it all too well. The poem is meant to help the reader to reflect on his/her own life and leave them wanting to treasure moments of the present more intensely. The poem encourages its readers to think about what great things lay ahead, while looking at the positive side of life. Although Frost knew the tree branches wereRead More Frosts Life as a Poet Essay2465 Words   |  10 Pages Robert Frost’s Life as a Poet Robert Lee Frost was born in San Francisco, California on March 26 of 1974 and died in Boston, Massachusetts on January 29 of 1963. Though he did not truly start publishing poems until age thirty-nine, Frost obtained four Pulitzer prizes in his writing career and was deemed one of the greatest twentieth century poets. His pastoral writing and skilled use of meter and rhythm has captured the attention of reader’s and critics for decades (Academic American, 345). FrostRead MoreAnalysis Of Frost s Poem Frost 1212 Words   |  5 Pagesnot a coincidence. The irony utilized by Frost clearly contributes to the overall theme of design governing situations on earth. Frost also utilizes tone to emphasize the horrific nature of the scene while speaking in a seemingly light manner. Frost’s diction can be divided into two major categories: whimsical and light, and dark. This contrast contributes to the irony of the scene as well. Specific word choices in the octave show this clearly. Frost employs light, pleasant, and whimsical words

Songs Of Innocence And Experience English Literature Essay Free Essays

Blake considers, that tellurian human life is a manner of psyche from A ­ Eternity and back in Eternity. The psyche apparels in a flesh for the tellurian being. It holds in recollection Eternity, that is Innocence. We will write a custom essay sample on Songs Of Innocence And Experience English Literature Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now But the got Knowledge deforms, obscures this memory. On the other manus, tellurian being, harmonizing to Emmanuel Swedenborg ‘s philosophy is reflection of that occurs in Eternity. Blake the thought non merely every bit philosophical footing uses this. It applies it as A ­ an artistic touch. Therefore in each verse form the dual sense is hidden. When Blake describes a rural landscape, games A ­ of kids, a pray in St. Paul ‘s A ­cathedral, it invariably reminds, that it is a inquiry non of simple day-to-day A ­ events, and about the Eternal Life. Echoes of this Ageless Life we, mortal, can catch, fondling the babe or pressing N µNˆN?N‚N? a lamb. If we possess though to some extent ability of godly vision. Thankss to this implied sense field A ­ kids ‘s poetries turn to serious A ­ philosophical merchandise. At this clip Blake it is unbounded trusts in ? ±? »? °N?N‚N?N‚N? and clemency of the God. The God is a unvarying and alone good beginning, and the Human Son – the Christ – the invariable curate and the guardian A ­ of people. Blake divided Swedenborg ‘s sights which rejected the construct of the Sacred Trinity. Swedenborg asserted, that the God is unvarying, the God has merely condescended for some clip for the Earth in image Jesus Christ. On the other manus, harmonizing to Swedenborg ‘s philosophy, the interior universe of the individual is at the same time and the universe heavenly. The love, compassion, attention about near are â€Å" conformance † to that occurs in the Sky, that is conformance to the God. Each of us is the smallest A ­ similarity of the Sky, or A «the Sacred imageA » . As effect the Eternity as a fusion is good fortune accomplishable non merely out of tellurian being. It can be found in a shower of everyo ne person, concluded in a animal screen, but merely if the psyche keeps true spiritualty, or Innocence. But a existent tellurian life – a valley non merely pleasures, but besides sorrows. A «Songs of InnocenceA » are full every bit both pleasances, A ­ and agonies – both that and another an kernel necessary parts A ­ of a Godhead Craft. The psyche rejoices, for shops memory of A ­ Eternity, but the flesh is doomed to endure. A «Songs of InnocenceA » describe A ­ both merriment, and a heartache, However light motivations prevail in images of a rhythm: A «Songs of InnocenceA » speak about happyA ­ and sorrowless A «a status of psyche humanA » , about A ­ Godhead protection, about spiritualty of the tellurian universe. Creation A «Songs of InnocenceA » has been finished in 1789. At that clip Blake believed this rhythm the finished merchandise. However in five old ages he has created a new rhythm A «Songs of ExperienceA » which has been united together with A «Songs of InnocenceA » in built-in merchandise A «Songs of Innocence and Experience Proving the Two Contrary States of the Human SoulA » . By this clip at Blake sights at the universe have radically changed. Assortment of the grounds has caused this alteration, in peculiar, letdown in the Gallic Revolution and a backdown from thoughts of Emmanuel Swedenborg. Early sights Blake can be defined conditionally as â€Å" Christian † , and it is possible to call its new construct â€Å" natural † . In what consists it A « naturalA » ? The poet at an early phase about focused all attending to extraterrestrial being of psyche and on idyllic Eternity. Echoes of this Eternity can be observed in some tellurian shows. The Divine, nevertheless, has been separated A ­from tellurian plenty by an accurate side. Achievement A ­ of full harmoniousness, a religious ideal likely merely in Eternity, and the tellurian life is held down by a flesh and accordingly is A ­ a valley of sorrows and cryings. By composing clip A «Songs of ExperienceA » Blake has well changed the point of position. Now it transfers the attending to a tellurian A ­ world. Terrestrial heartaches do non do in it more thought on retribution in the hereafter. The protest alternatively ripens: the life could be ideal A ­ and on the Earth, but the Earth is burd ened by â€Å" religious fettersA » which are necessary for dumping. In this instance there will be A «a returning A ­ of the EarthA » , that is earthly Eden coming. Poem A «The Chimney SweeperA » is a typical illustration of polemic Blake of times A «Songs of InnocenceA » with Blake times A «Songs of ExperienceA » . Heroes of two verse forms are similar to the indistinguishable name among themselves, but in the first the little chimney expanse is unfortunate because of the adversity, in the 2nd – is capable to prove pleasance reverse to them. In the first it finds a solace in the God let go ofing it from â€Å" casket † of a tellurian life, in the 2nd – is dressed in â€Å" shroud † on the Earth by the God ( is more exact, the God-fearing parents ) is doomed to agonies. Accusatory poignancy is every bit strong in both verse forms, but in everyone it sounds in ain manner: in the first – the felicity is possible merely in celestial spheres as atonement of tellurian heartaches, in the 2nd – the felicity would be possible and on the Earth if non ferociousness A ­ of bing uses. THE CHIMNEY SWEEPER ( Songs of Innocence ) When my female parent died I was really immature, And my male parent sold me while yet my lingua, Could barely cry weep weep weep weep. So your chimneys I sweep amp ; in carbon black I sleep. Theres small Tom Dacre, who cried when his caput That curi ‘d wish a lambs back, was shav ‘d, so I said, Hush Tom ne’er mind it, for when your caput ‘s bare, You know that the carbon black can non botch your white hair. And so he was quiet, A ; that really dark, As Tom was a sleeping he had such a sight, That 1000s of sweepers Dick, Joe, Ned A ; Jack Were all of them lock ‘d up in caskets of black, And by came an Angel who had a bright key, And he unfastened ‘d the caskets A ; set them all free. Then down a green field jumping express joying they run And wash in a river A ; radiance in the Sun. Then naked A ; white, all their bags left behind, They rise upon clouds, and athletics in the air current. And the Angel told Tom, if he ‘d be a good male child, He ‘d hold God for his male parent A ; ne’er want joy. And so Tom awoke and we rose in the dark And got with our bags A ; our coppices to work. Tho ‘ the forenoon was cold, Tom was happy A ; warm. So if all do their responsibility, they need non fear injury. THE CHIMNEY SWEEPER ( Songs of Experience ) A small black thing among the snow: Shouting weep, weep, in notes of suffering! Where are thy male parent A ; mother? state? They are both gone up to the church to pray. Because I was happy upon the heath, And smil ‘d among the winters snow: They clothed me in the apparels of decease, And taught me to sing the notes of suffering. And because I am happy, A ; dance A ; sing, They think they have done me no hurt: And are gone to praise God A ; his Priest A ; King Who make up a Eden of our wretchedness. The universe is conceived as made, but the spirit human stays A ­in a prevarication and pretension trap: it is new doctrine Blake. The poet already non the shepherd-boy with a pipe, as in A «Songs of InnocenceA » . Introduction Shrieking down the vale wild Piping vocals of pleasant hilarity On a cloud I saw a kid. And he express joying said to me. Shriek a vocal about a Lamb: So I piped with merry chear, Piper pipe that vocal once more – So I piped, he wept to hear. Drop thy pipe thy happy pipe Sing thy vocals of happy chear, So I sung the same once more While he wept with joy to hear. Piper sit thee down and compose In a book that all may read – So he vanish ‘d from my sight, And I pluck ‘d a hollow reed. And I made a rural pen, And I stain ‘d the H2O clear, And I wrote my happy vocals, Every kid may rejoice to hear The new Poet is a Bard, clairvoyant, the prophesier. Its job – A ­ to demo to people a manner to spirit glade. THE VOICE OF THE ANCIENT BARD Young person of delight semen hither, And see the gap forenoon, Image of truth new born. Doubt is fled amp ; clouds of ground, Dark disputes A ; disingenuous teazing. Folly is an eternal labyrinth. Tangled roots perplex her ways, How many have fallen at that place! They stumble all dark over castanetss of the dead: And experience they know non what but attention: And wish to take others when they should be led. The new phase of religious manner Blake is connected with crisp turn Swedenborg ‘s thoughts down. Blake has seen them from the new party. Blake Markss in spiritual swedenborgian doctrine its nonreversible kernel, bigotry, the passiveness discourse. Swedenborg wrote, that the individual religious is the individual obedient to the God. Blake foremost was wholly agree with this statement, but so it had uncertainties in illustriousness and justness of the God. The God became for Blake a absolutism embodimentA ­ .  µÃ‚ µÃ‚ ±Nˆ tested to explicate an interior universe through constructs A ­ of a material universe. Thus the material universe was reduced to a pale A ­copy of the all right and perfect universe heavenly. Blake, holding crossed through tenet of Swedenborg, has resolutely rejected distinction of the stuff and religious universes. He asserted, that true spiritualty is put in pawn in the Nature and merely waits A ­ for the Apocalypse, rebellion against godly co nstitutions A ­ to be shown in full force. In A «Experience SongsA » NN there is one of figures Blake ‘s mythologies – God Urizen ( compare Your Reason ) . Urizen is the incarnation of conventional ground and jurisprudence which resist to liberate, free Imagination. Urizen is depicted in Blake ‘s watercoloured etching â€Å" The Ancient of Days † . The brace A «Imagination – ReasonA » – merely a portion of a concatenation A ­ of contrasts which penetrates all rhythm and sets its nonliteral system: Light – Dark, Good – Angrily, the Life – Death, the Youth – the Old age, the Man ‘s get downing – the Female beginning, free love – suppression of desires etc. Blake counterposes his â€Å" Contraries † to Swedenborg ‘s thought of equilibrium. â€Å" Without Contraries is no patterned advance † , says Blake. â€Å" Attraction and Repulsion, Reason and Energy, Love and Hate are necessary to Human being. † The opposite beginnings are impossible one without another, but therefore Blake accepted for positive A ­remain positive, and accepted for negative – negative throughout all rhythm, in any context, and it in many respects helps to decode symbols of Blake. THE HUMAN ABSTRACT Pity would be no more. If we did non do person Poor: And Mercy no more could be, If all were every bit happy as we: And common fright brings peace: Till the selfish loves addition. Then Cruelty knits a trap, And distribute his come-ons with attention. He sits down with holy frights, And waters the land with cryings: Then Humility takes its root Underneath his pes. Soon spreads the blue shadiness Of Mystery over his caput ; And the Catterpiller and Fly, Feed on the Mystery. And it bears the fruit of Deceit, Ruddy and sweet to eat: And the Raven his nest has made In its thickest shadiness. The Gods of the Earth and sea, Sought through Nature to happen this Tree, But their hunt was all in vain ; There grows one in the Human Brain. This verse form ( brace to A «THE DIVINE IMAGEA » from the first rhythm ) – cardinal for apprehension of philosophical system A «A ­ Experience SongsA » . Here Kindly, the Tolerance, the World, Love become a constituent of the unnatural societal constitutions A ­ bing in land Urizen, – that is the philosophical construct A «Innocence SongsA » is wholly discredited. Having shown falseness and lip service of the basic virtuousnesss of Innocence, Blake builds new fable of private universe of the individual in which footing the image of the Tree lays favourite it. It from Fear and Humility – holier-than-thou humbleness of a lamb ( compare a verse form â€Å" Lily † ) grows and shortly spreads a glooming hag of Belief, that is unnatural, far-fetched faith which feeds the Caterpillar and a Moth, churchmans being here symbols. At last, the Tree brings the Deceit fruit, that is lie and pretension A ­ ( therefore it is sweet ) , and on the Tree there is a Raven – a decease symbol. Such see BlakeN? private universe of the individual and A ­ a religious manner of the world which has been held down ironss of U rizen. In last A ­ stanza it is underlined, that A «gods of the sea and the earthA » , that is wildlife, unvarying with Imagination, could non happen this Tree as there is it in a human encephalon and cultivates him Urizen – inert, non originative Reason. THE DIVINE IMAGE To Mercy Pity Peace and Love, All pray in their hurt: And to these virtuousnesss of delectation Return their gratefulness. For Mercy Pity Peace and Love, Is God our male parent beloved: And Mercy Pity Peace and Love, Is Man his kid and attention. For Mercy has a human bosom Pity, a human face: And Love, the human signifier Godhead, And Peace, the human frock. Then every adult male of every climate, That prays in his hurt, Prays to the human signifier Godhead Love Mercy Pity Peace. And all must love the human signifier, In pagan, Turk or Jew. Where Mercy, Love A ; Pity dwell, There God is brooding excessively. In this verse form, cardinal for A « Songs of Innocence, in the most distinguishable form the basic thought of a rhythm appears: the human nature is godly. The individual and the God is one thing. Loving the individual, we love besides the God, in the God we love Its humanity. Here the basic, cardinal virtuousnesss of the universe of â€Å" Innocence SongsA » are straight named: Good, Tolerance, the World, Love, every bit of import as for a life terrestrial, and heavenly. These virtuousnesss in the â€Å" perfect † signifier exist in celestial spheres, and in the â€Å" reflected † sort ( harmonizing to A «to the philosophy about conformityA » ) are given people, and the people transporting in the Sacred Image, should portion them with each other. The true Christian – the 1 who professes Good, Tolerance, the World, Love, that is that who creates an image of Eternity on the Earth, and in this sense there is no differentiation between the states and faiths ( comparison at Swedenborg: A « To the individual professing love to approach, a manner on the Sky it is opened irrespective of its tellurian faith – the belief is learnt non by faith. Any individual carry oning a life moral and religious, comprises the Sky A » ) . Harmonizing to new sights Blake, the manner to A «returning of the EarthA ­A » lays through release of desires ( first of all – loveA ­ ) which are connected Reason ‘s ironss – Urizen In a triumph A ­ of natural aspirations – both fleshes, and spirit- . Blake sees the Imagination jubilation, falling of â€Å" religious fettersA » . The tellurian, A ­ animal life with natural spiritualty ab initio built-in in it becomes for Blake the new ideal lifting to the topographic point of A ­ idyllic Eternity. However in the bulk of verse forms â€Å" Songs of A ­ Experience A » it is a inquiry of suppression of natural inherent aptitudes A ­ or about penalty for their show, from here – terrible, A ­ sometimes acrimonious and hopeless tone of this rhythm. In A «Experience SongsA » , surely, acerb plenty, A ­ â€Å" satirical † leer over light, beaming – and A ­ perfectly unlikely – the universe of â€Å" Songs of Innocence A » contains, A ­A ­ and in this sense the 2nd rhythm bears on itself the letdown imperativeness. However it non is letdown in a life in general, more likely, A ­ letdown in former ideals. However, to state, that Blake A ­ wholly rejects the former representations, would be A ­ hyperbole: he names the former vision â€Å" nonreversible † , the thoughts â€Å" limited † , but wholly non wrong. Experience A ­ does non deny Innocence, but takes off to it a modest topographic point of one of facets of assortment of the universe. Blake shows, that Mildness is impossible without Violence, Mercy without Suffering, Pleasure without Grief, and Good without Harm. A «Skilled A ­ InnocenceA » , uniting cleanliness with release of desires, A ­ holiness with absenc e of pretension and lip service, natural A ­A «divine visionA » with the got knowledge becomes ideal BlakeA ­A ­A ­ . In a word, Experience assumes wider and diverse A ­ image of the universe including Innocence as one of two tantamount – and equal in rights – the parties, each of which A ­ is every bit necessary, that is why is sacred. However the basic idea of a rhythm however consists that in land of Urizen of virtuousness of Innocence reasonably frequently A ­ turn to the contrasts. For this ground so A ­ unconditionally discredits Blake Kindly, Tolerance, the World, Love which become symbols of prevarication, lip service and pretension so ruthlessly onslaughts clemencies and faith which are the grounds of cryings and agonies. While there are A «spiritual A ­ fettersA » , idyll is unaccessible, but after falling of these hobbles Paradise is possible and on the Earth for the Nature, as a affair of fact, and is that ? ­Ã‚ µ which will transport out finally all human desires. A «Experience songsA » sing scolded, but non killed beauty A ­ of a tellurian life, individuality of the Nature and the God – merely in such sense and it is necessary to understand them A «naturalA » . Its book A «The Marriage of Heaven and HellA » , ( 1790 ) became the pronunciamento of â€Å" natural † sights Blake. Difficultly plenty with truth to specify a genre of this merchandise is at the same time both the philosophical treatise, and the arch of apothegms, and a verse form in prose: doubtless, Blake meaningly A ­ tried to imitate bible stylistics. It is devoted polemic with A ­ initial Christianity, no less than with Swedenborg sights. Developing A «theomachicA » the tradition traveling in the English A ­ literature from J. Milton ( from its verse form A «Lost ParadiseA » , 1667 ) , Blake declares insolvent the standard Christian construct of Good and Harm. Kind ( Sky ) Sung in A «A ­ Innocence SongsA ­A » and represented by Christian faith as proceeding from the God and, therefore, is alone good, becomes at Blake inactive, all-accepting, that is why non originative, non the capable beginning to development ; on the contrary, rebellious Harm ( Hell ) sees to it the get downing active, making for it, interrupting traditional A ­ representations, moves development. The good personifies A ­ religious stagnancy, and Harm – throwings and spirit battles without which A ­thought motion is impossible. Jehovah appears in a verse form as a terrible, despotic divinity A ­ and it is really identified with Urizen. The Satan, A ­ on the contrary, is shown as the picker, the combatant bodying A ­ the Poetic Genius. Breaking Christianity canons, Blake the Christ, tries to turn out, that more likely, belonged to party of the Satan for was guided by Imagination and preferred to follow the desires and suggestions, alternatively of the imposed tenet. The imaginativeness which Blake considers as the higher ability of the individual, doubtless, starts with the Hell. The sky personifies an order, reason, bigotry ; the Imagination is held down by nil, chaotically and perfectly irrationally. Traditional Harm A ­ becomes in A « The Marriage†¦ A » A symbol of religious freedom, originative A ­ energy, reformative the universe, and traditional Good – A ­ a passiveness and bigotry symbol. However Blake remains it is true to the A ­ dialectics and asserts, that two antonyms are huffy about each other and merely their coexistence, â€Å" a matrimony † behaviors to original spiritualty. The 2nd major inquiry A « The Marriage†¦ A » is a inquiry of integrity of psyche and a organic structure. Blake rejects supported of Swedenborg traditional representations about a organic structure as A «sinful fleshA ­A » ( i.e. Harm ) and to a shower as NN‚? µ? »NN† ? µ A ­ Godhead fire ( i.e. Good ) . Marrying A ­ occurs non merely in a existence, but besides in each of the person: psyche and a flesh – are unvarying. Blake asserts, that A «All Live – Is sacredA » , that is the material universe non merely is a pale A ­ transcript of the universe heavenly, it is arrogant and self-sufficing, that is why is in ain manner perfect. The psyche does non be individually from a flesh as the flesh is so sacred, every bit good as psyche ; and therefore animal desires are wholly non iniquitous ( as confirms the Sky ) , on the contrary, sinfully their suppression. In release of a flesh A ­ which will do release of spirit, Blake sees a m anner to a cleansing Apocalypse, to falling of Kingdom Urizen. Surely, the care A «Sky and Hell WeddingA » A ­ is non settled at all by these general commissariats. This hard A ­ and deep philosophical merchandise written in A ­ feature for Blake an allegorical, nonliteral mode. He did non draw a bead on to simplicity for affairs about which it narrated A ­- common dealingss of Good and Harm, the Person and the God, – do non endure simplification, but the thoughtful reader can non acquire into an kernel of its doctrine and to track, at least partially, a thought class A «great visioneryA » . The period Blake ‘s battle against God with its defiance, A ­ all-rejection and maximalism has appeared shortA ­ . It was followed by deep crisis and – as its consequence A ­- a long silence, full refusal of the publication of the merchandises. Religious crisis has returned Blake to believe on the God, on Innocence, but already in its other understanding. Now it considers creative activity of a material universe as a constituent and direct consequence of Fall from what follows, that the flesh is inherently opposite to a religious A ­substance and, therefore, is ab initio iniquitous. The particular topographic point among Blake ‘s merchandises of this period A ­ occupies a verse form â€Å" The Mental Traveller † ( written apprx. 1800 ) . It some sort of the religious autobiography of the poet and at the same time religious life of world. Blake describes beginning, a jubilation and diminution of any thought and A ­ in analogue shows, how its ain sights developed and changed. A « Songs of Innocence and Experience A » – it is the widest a known portion Blake ‘s heritages. They give full plenty, but far non thorough representation about creativeness of this A ­ singular maestro. It would be desirable to trust, that finally A ­ the Russian reader will pull off to acquire acquainted more full with A ­ a heritage of the great poet-seer which has in many respects anticipated A ­ the farther development of poesy, and human idea as a whole. Auguries of Artlessness â€Å" Auguries of Innocence † by William Blake occupy a particular topographic point in his work. This piece dates from 1801-1803 old ages and conventionally related to the 2nd period of his poesy. This old ages new religious quest Blake, when it replaced the idealistic, the realistic temper of the yesteryear comes an wholly new construct of peace, based on – perceptual experiences of world in the integrity of all its contradictory facets. It is hard to find the genre of the work. At first familiarity it seems that in â€Å" Auguries of Innocence † is no definite secret plan line, they seem merely axiomatic fragments, in no manner linked. As one of the most complex and original phenomena of European literature, â€Å" Auguries of Innocence † is an organic portion of the artistic universe of Blake. Understanding of this work can non be outside the context of the poet. The chief job that confronts a author, stated in the rubric of the verse form – â€Å" Auguries of Innocence. † In Blake ‘s Artlessness does non be apart from cognition, these mutual oppositions are non negate each other, all co-exist in integrity. It was this thought ( the combination of incompatible ) tends to reflect the poet in his work. Poem â€Å" Auguries of Innocence † was preceded by a rhythm of verse forms â€Å" Songs of Innocence and ExperienceA » , which shows really clearly the dialectical vision of the universe poet. â€Å" The significance of the book – the thought of continuity of human religious experience, his unity, †¦ amalgamation in some higher synthesis inherent in the personality of the birth of † artlessness, pureness – and all the inevitable edification of each are far from being ideal. â€Å" It is poesy, â€Å" where the universe is comprehended in the brushs, the higher harmoniousness of the ageless and intolerable societal dissection, the current of his being, at the intersections of mutual oppositions. † ( 4, 28 ) , and these mutual oppositions of artlessness and cognition do non contradict each other, everything is interconnected, everything exists in integrity. â€Å" We can non reject one another glorified, because everything in life is inextricably intertwined. † ( 5, 19 ) The same perceptual experience of contrast we see in â€Å" Auguries of Innocence. † But Blake infinite assortment of this dialectic battle of creative activity and devastation. His images are continuously germinating. From this diverseness, at first glimpse, a simple manner that makes it hard to understand. ( 12, 171 ) Start â€Å" Auguries of Innocence † with lines that are most frequently quoted when mentioning to the name of William Blake, with the lines have become a pronunciamento of English Romanticism: To see a World in a grain of sand, And a Heaven in a wild flower, Hold Infinity in the thenar of your manus, And Eternity in an hr. ( 1, 324 ) No accident that this stanza reminds one of the first. It expressed the cardinal rule of Blake. Here we are speaking about the position of the internal and external. In each grain of sand, the writer seeks to spot a contemplation of the religious kernel, the desire for direct acclivity from a individual, private experiences to the boundlessly broad, cosmopolitan generalisations. And it was called a adult male with imaginativeness. Center of the complex artistic universe of Blake is the adult male. Man is heaven and Earth, snake pit and Eden and all the phenomena of the universe at the same time. The poet says: Thou art a Man: God is no more: Thy ain Humanity learn to adore, For that is My spirit of life. ( The Everlasting Gospel ) This is Imagination is what helps to throw off the bonds of an enslaved spirit, unleash the perceptual experience, â€Å" see infinity in one minute. † The value of free imaginativeness – the chief thought of the following path: A redbreast robin in a coop Puts all Heaven in a fury. A dove-house fill ‘d with doves A ; pigeons Frissons Hell thro ‘ all its parts. The same thought is found in the â€Å" Proverbs of Hell † , from â€Å" The Marriage of Heaven and Hell † , which reads: † You ne’er know what is adequate unless you know what is more than plenty. † Here Blake negotiations about the human right to fulfill all their desires. Enslavement reinforces the subjugation of ground over imaginativeness. Blake defends the right of speculative homo believing which refuses to set any boundary lines. Humility Blake – the greatest perversion of human nature. â€Å" Blake hated it, because it means the forfeit of the God within adult male, the wickedness against the Holy Ghost. Forced humbleness is religious slaying. Persons should ne’er the subjected to Urizen ‘s â€Å" One Law for the Lion A ; Ox † ( The Marriage of Heaven and Hell ) . Humility is â€Å" the fast one of antediluvian Elf † ( The Everlasting Gospel ) . † [ S. Foster Damon. A Blake lexicon: the thoughts and s ymbols of William Blake ] The jurisprudence of all development is a battle. This is an thought the poet is in a self-contradictory signifier of â€Å" Proverbs of Hell † we find the undermentioned lines: â€Å" Sooner slaying an baby in its cradle than nurse unacted desires † , and â€Å" Auguries of Innocence † image â€Å" a redbreast in a coop † , embodies the reticent desire, poison the psyche of adult male. No demand to seek to acquire rid of enticement, merely traveling through the full emancipation can see the truth, because â€Å" he who desires but acts non, strains plague. † A Canis familiaris starv ‘d at his maestro ‘s gate Predicts the ruin of the State. A Equus caballus misus ‘d upon the route Calls to Heaven for human blood. Each call of the hunted hare A fiber from the encephalon does rupture. In these lines there is a symbolic image of England and the universe. William Blake created at the junction of era, it is non surprising that in his work, he tried to reflect and understand the events that took topographic point at that minute in his state and worldwide. The first efforts to look as early in the rhythm â€Å" Songs of Experience † that would subsequently slop over into the creative activity of such infinite verse forms as â€Å" Visions of the Daughters of Albion, † ( 1791 ) , â€Å" Europe a Prophecy † ( 1794 ) , â€Å" America a Prophecy â€Å" ( 1791 ) . Blake is really excited by the destiny of the state, and he tried to happen the causes of catastrophes and catastrophes, which was torn apart by England. He compares it to Babylon, where the thought of equality replaced by an attitude of a retainer ( the images of a Canis familiaris and beaten Equus caballuss ) and the proprietor, and the rule of freedom – the system of captivity of t he moral and societal. That ‘s what England Blake says in the verse form â€Å" London † from â€Å" Songs of Innocence and Experience † : I wander thro ‘ each charter ‘d street, Near where the charter ‘d Thames does flux, And grade in every face I meet Marks of failing, Markss of suffering. In every call of every Man, In every Infant ‘s call of fright, In every voice, in every prohibition, The mind-forg ‘d cuff I hear. How the Chimney-sweeper ‘s call Every black’ning Church appalls ; And the hapless Soldier ‘s suspiration Runs in blood down Palace walls. But most thro ‘ midnight streets I hear How the vernal Harlot ‘s expletive Blasts the new born Infant ‘s tear, And blights with pestilences the Marriage hearse. Cruel rationalism penetrated all domains of life, and societal and religious. Blake bitterly remarked: â€Å" The enquiry in England is, non whether a adult male has endowments and mastermind, but whether he is inactive and polite, and a virtuous buttocks, and obedient to Lords ‘s sentiments in art and scientific discipline. If he is, he is a good adult male ; if non, he must be starved. â€Å" [ Alexander Gilchrist, Anne Gilchrist. Life of William Blake ( 1880 ) , Volume 1 ] . In such a society a adult male is like â€Å" hunted hare. â€Å" Coarse rational head thwart any efforts of imaginativeness. It is inactive, the quest for the empyreal – unclaimed. A Alauda arvensis wounded in the wing, A cherubim does discontinue to sing. A Alauda arvensis here – Imagination in the clasp of Urizen. The image of Urizen appears in the ulterior plants of the poet. This mythology of Blake ‘s character, embodies the head ( your ground ) . Every wolf ‘s and lion’showl Raises from Hell a Human psyche. â€Å" The Wolf and the Lion † regarded as symbols of power of England. At Blake they become emblems of stiffness of a deceasing era. On anticipates the devastation of Babylon and the coming land of ageless Jerusalem. Empire is no more! And now the king of beasts A ; wolf shall discontinue – says concluding â€Å" Marriage†¦ â€Å" The wild cervid, rolling here and at that place, Keeps the Human psyche from attention. How to cite Songs Of Innocence And Experience English Literature Essay, Essay examples

Marketing Strategy of Zara-Free-Samples-Myassignementhelp.com

Question: Analyse the Marketing Strategy Use by One of the Biggest Fashion-Retailing Brand. Answer: Introduction Zara is a well-known clothing and accessories brand operating all over the world. the brand was launched in 1975 by Amancio Ortega and Rosalia Mera. Since then it has grew its presence in almost all the countries and offer as the largest retail of apparel. The company started expanding its business in the international market in the year 1988 through Portugal and then it slowly entered United States, France and other countries. The company also went online in 2010 in which it opened its own online boutique to offer its product though online source. Such approach and initiative has helped the company to be the most successful apparel retail owners (Zara 2017). The paper discusses about the factors that let Zara to be the major focus company of this assignment along with analyzing its performance and strategies over the years. The report also analyses the marketing mix strategy, which has helped in good performance of the brand, and factors that will help the company in long-term growt h. Justification for the Choice Zara is one of a name in the retail industry because of its expansion, strategy and connection with the customers. Since the day, it has introduced itself in the market it has grown to every possible market with its exceptional strategy. The brand has gained a name and recognition by itself by the innovation and continuous initiative that it puts. The company has recent revenue of $17.2 billion, which has helped them to build their strategies successfully. The brand has been able to put a hold in the retail industry in the past 43 years of operations and own a total of 2200 stores worldwide. With a brand value of $11.3 billion, the brand has always known for its development of new products and offering it for sale within few days (Zara 2017). This shows the exceptional maintenance it carries out in its manufacturing and operations units. The company has grown exceptionally in 2015 by opening 65 new stores in existing as well as new locations and 50 new Zara Home in various new locati ons (inditex 2016). The biggest markets of Zara after its hometown Spain are China, France, Italy and Japan. The above figure shows the performance of Zara in the last two years that has continuously increased the net sales and gross profit of its parent company Inditex. The brand has offered a tough competition to other retail chain in various countries with its strong sales and profit growth. Zara is not just a name; it is a symbol of fashion in the retail industry. The company also maintains a strong online market and recently took some initiatives in which it wanted to expand its market coverage through online offering. An online store that has been started by the brand has expanded in various locations in the world within a short period. The brand has also taken various technology innovations since the time it has been in business (Burgen 2017). In 2014 Zara introduced RFID chips in its stores through which it could detect the location of its products in the store. The chip is removed once the customer has purchased it and can be reused for further use. Moreover, the company has also maintained a customer base covering wide range of culture, age and geographic boundaries (Fortune 2017). This is due to the product that it has manufactured and the fashion image it offers according to the country. Thus, it can be seen that the company has achieved superior performance and a brand value with its continuous initiative in various places. Marketing Concepts Marketing concepts shows the achievement and potentials of the company by analyzing its strategies such as segmentation, positioning and promotional initiatives. Segmentation and Targeting Segmentation is one of the crucial strategies of any fashion and retail brand as it helps them to design the type of product it will launch in the market. Segmentation and targeting helps the brand to offer a streamline picture of the type of customers it wants to design the product that will also give an image to the brand. Zara maintains a mix segmentation strategy such as demographic, geographic as well as psychographic segmentation. Based on this segmentation the company targets each type of customers accordingly (Forbes 2017). In demographic segmentation, the brand mainly targets the young adults between the age range of 20 to 30 years of age that are just maturing and would love to dress up as a matured person. This is because the brand is known to manufacture much classy and basic casual with some ranges of formal attires for the customers. Thus, the look of the brand is designed to give a classy and formal look. The clothing offered by the brand mainly reflects fast fashion with various kinds of chinos, khaki and others (Forbes 2017). Geographic segmentation is done by the brand as it has expanded its reach to many countries and the living styles of the people in these countries are very different from each other. This made the company to design its product by segmenting its market based on the demand and fashion trends in these countries. For example, in India it focuses more on traditional and less trendy attires compared to US market. Lastly, Zara also follows psychographic segmentation in which it targets the customers having a love for classy and fashionable dresses. Moreover, it also offers its products at high prices and targets the niche market that loves to maintain high quality dresses in their wardrobe as a symbol of their status. These customers will love to buy their products irrespective of the prices (Sheth and Sisodia 2015). Thus, the brand follows such strategy so that it can target the customers efficiently and set its further strategies effectively. Depending on the type of strategy the company also designs its marketing strategy so that it can target the right customers at right place. Zara carry out online marketing strategy so that it can target the young and rich customers efficiently. Positioning Zara has positioned itself as one of the most fashionable international brand operating in almost all the countries and having huge customer base. The company has also followed used based strategy to position itself as a customer centric brand. This is because the brand has always followed customer satisfaction as their main aim and accordingly modified their products and marketing initiatives from time to time (Baker 2014). Zara is well aware that the type of fashion industry in which it exists, it is necessary that it satisfy the changing needs o the customers. this made the company to focus on innovation instead of manufacturing a brand new product. The motive of Zara has always been to modify the products offered by other brands that the customers demand so that it can easily trace the customers. Moreover, it always maintained a good amount of stocks of clothes (Forbes 2017). Thus, positioning of Zara has always been about innovation, which made it the worlds biggest fashion reta iler. Promotional Strategy Among promotional strategy, it is seen that Zara spends the least amount in their promotional activities compared to other fashion brands and this has led to their success. The brand only spends 0.3 percent of its sales on promoting its product compared to other brands that invests 3.5 percent of their revenue. However, it do carry out promotional strategy ny maintaining a shop windows through which customers can be attracted easily by just looking at their unique collection. The retail brand started its online marketing due to its international presence in 88 countries (Forbes 2017). This led the company to carry out online marketing. Online marketing is increasing day by day and is used by most of the competitors. This makes t necessary for Zara to carry out online strategy. For this purpose, the company started it online marketing channel through its website in 2010. The online marketing of the brand is mainly through its website. It does not follow any other social media strategy (Baker 2014). However, the marketing through online website marketing has helped the company to fight competition from other retailers. Since the introduction of online selling, the brand has been able to expand its online sales by 42 percent (Mail Online 2017). Pest Analysis Political Political scenario of any country has a lot of effect on the brands operation within that region. Political scenario such as instability, war and others effect people badly making them lose a lot of their resources. This in turn will affect the brand, as the customers will not be able to demand their products due to high price. Moreover, it will also influence the operation of the brand within that region due to unavailability of various resources. Zara being a fashion retail company will be affected by political instability in a region, as it will be difficult for them carry out their operations and led to wastage of their resources (Gupta 2013). Economic Economic factors such as GDP, interest rate, employment rate, literacy rate and others help the brand to decide the type of pricing strategy it will follow in a region. It is important that Zara analyze the economic condition of the country efficiently before strategizing its pricing level in that region. This requires the brand to set competitive price in low-income level countries and premium pricing in countries having high GDP (Sheth and Sisodia 2015). Social Social and cultural trend is yet another crucial factor that the brand requires to analyze before entering a country because the living style and culture of a place helps the company to decide their revenue. Zara will benefit by maximizing its sales in a country having preference for classy and elegant western wear. The society should be modern to accept the products of (Zara Arrieta et al. 2017). Technological Technological innovation and level in a country will help the company to reduce the cost of production. Moreover, it would help them to modify their distribution system by incorporating information system (Sheth and Sisodia 2015). Porters Analysis Bargaining power of suppliers Zara belong to the retail industry and is one of the largest fashion retailers in the world. Suppliers of the retail industry mainly supply things to big brands like Zara, Marks and Spenser and others. Thus, the bargaining power of suppliers is low because the suppliers do not want to lose their market share to these big brands (Gupta 2013). Bargaining power of the buyers Buyers on the other hand have moderate bargaining power because of low switching cost and preference for the brands. Due to low switching cost customers can easily switch to any other brand. However, there are customers that prefer only one brand and love to stick to one brand at any cost. Threat from substitutes Fashion retail industry faces rare to negligible threat from substitute, as there is no such substitute of clothes. Thus, the effect of this force is not seen in the fashion retail industry (Gupta 2013). Industry rivalry Competitive rivalry is high in this industry due to large number of similar firms and brands operating in the industry. There are large number of retail company selling similar kinds of western dresses and thus offers huge threat. Thus, the industry face huge rivalry within the industry. Threat of new entrants Threat to new entrants is low in this industry because the companies entering in this industry would require a lot of investment on infrastructure, manufacturing and other sectors. Thus, it is not possible for a newly made fashion company to take up huge investment at initial stage of the operation. This makes the threat to new entrant low for fashion retail industry (Gupta 2013). Strength and weakness of Zara Strengths Weaknesses Zara can gain market share in the industry due to low or negligible amount of new entrant The fashion retail industry in which Zara exists has very less chance to fall due to low substitute. The company will face huge competition from the other company operating in the same industry It is challenging for the company to meet the need and desire of the buyers Table 1: Strength and Weakness of Zara Sources: (Gupta 2013) Marketing Mix for Superior Performance Price The brand has always followed premium-pricing strategy to offer its products to the customer. However, this strategy has been maintained by the company to portray itself as a status symbol for its customer. Thus, premium-pricing strategy of the brand has proved to be successful and allowed them to perform good because most of the customers of the brand are rich. Thus, they demand Zaras product as a status symbol (Huang and Sarigll 2014). Product Zara is one of the brands in the fashion industry for which the consumers are crazy. This is because of its products and style options it offers to the customers. The company has its own manufacturing process and controls every category of clothes that it produces. The wide range of clothing options and maintaining their own symbol in the industry has helped the company to offer superior performance. Place Distribution channel of Zara has always been unique compared to other fashion brands. Zara offers its products to its customers through vertically integrated retailer. This means that all the steps from manufacturing to distributing are done by the brand itself. This has helped them to know their operations well and perform better than other brands that outsource their operations (Solomon 2014). Promotion The company has not put much investment in marketing activities. This is the strategy it has always maintained and has invested more and more money in opening new stores in different places. The marketing strategy of the brand being unique has always helped them to be successful (Huang and Sarigll 2014). Marketing Mix Crucial for the Company With the existing marketing mix strategies, it is also important that the company modify some of its strategies in order to cope up with the increasing competitive scenario in the fashion retail industry. Price Even though the company has been successful by offering its products at premium pricing strategy, many new competitors have come up that has started offering clothes at reasonable price. Thus, to avoid losing its customers base to other competitors and be in business for longer time, it is important that Zara follows a competitive pricing strategy or provide offers and discounts from time to time. Product Even thought the company offers some of the best and unique style dress and maintain their own style statement yet it is facing some challenges while meeting the demand of customers having different lifestyle and preference. Zara fails to modify their product trend while entering into other markets as well. Thus, it is important for them to modify some of their product range according to the culture and people of the new country it is entering. This will help bring customers in that region more close to the brand. Place The distribution channel has always been unique for the company as it supplies its products from its own store mostly. The brand has very less franchisee for offering its products. However, the company could try the strategy of offering more number of franchisee to big retail stores in order to increase its market share. Promotion Even though the company has been successful by not spending much in the advertising or marketing activity, yet it will not always be a successful strategy for the business as the industry faces hue threat from competitors. Thus, in order to maintain their position in the market it is important that they take some marketing strategy. As social media is the most growing marketing tool, it will be beneficial if the company spreads its product recognition through social media. Conclusion From the above analysis, it can be deduced that Zara has maintained a strong base in the market all over the world due to its unique strategies. The brand has been successful in most of its strategies related to price, product, place and promotion. Moreover, the brand has been able to increase its sales and revenue from its newly growing online business. this showed that the company is trying to shift its distribution from physical stores to online channels. However, it is necessary that the company should modify some of its strategies in order to cope up with the rising competition in the market. As its is seen that the company might face issues in some of its marketing mix factors such as price and promotion, thus it is necessary to focus more in this strategies. This will help them to stay in business for longer time and increase their market share continuously. References Arrieta, C.G., Escorcia, Y.C. and Ochoa, G.V., 2017. PEST Analysis of Smart Energy Grids: from the European Boom to the Incipient Emergence in Colombia. Baker, M.J., 2014.Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Burgen, S. 2017.Zara owners online sales jump 42% to 553m. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/nov/19/zara-owner-online-sales-553m-inditex [Accessed 15 Nov. 2017]. Forbes.com. 2017.Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/lauraheller/2017/03/15/why-zara-is-the-most-exciting-retailer-today/#1e12fa255cd3 [Accessed 15 Nov. 2017]. Fortune. 2017.Zara Will Open Fewer Stores and Beef up Online Presence. [online] Available at: https://fortune.com/2016/03/09/zara-stores-online-sales-forecast/ [Accessed 15 Nov. 2017]. Gupta, A., 2013. Environmental and pest analysis: An approach to external business environment.Merit Research Journal of Art, Social Science and Humanities,1(2), pp.13-17. Huang, R. and Sarigll, E., 2014. How brand awareness relates to market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix. InFashion Branding and Consumer Behaviors(pp. 113-132). Springer New York. inditex.com. 2016.Inditex - Annual Report. [online] Available at: https://www.inditex.com/documents/10279/319575/Inditex+Annual+Report+2016/6f8a6f55-ed5b-41f4-b043-6c104a305035 [Accessed 15 Nov. 2017]. Mail Online. 2017.Could Zara be closing the doors on their Australian stores?. [online] Available at: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5083551/Could-Zara-closing-doors-Australian-stores.html [Accessed 15 Nov. 2017]. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Education. Sheth, J.N. and Sisodia, R.S., 2015.Does marketing need reform?: Fresh perspectives on the future. Routledge. Solomon, M.R., 2014.Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being(Vol. 10). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Zara.com. 2017.ZARA Spain - Official Website. [online] Available at: https://www.zara.com/es/en/ [Accessed 15 Nov. 2017].

What Is Marijuana Marijuana Is A Drug Obtained From Dried And Crumple

What Is Marijuana? Marijuana is a drug obtained from dried and crumpled parts of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa (or Cannabis indica). It can be smoked by rolling in tobacco paper or placing in a pipe. It is also otherwise consumed worldwide by an estimated 200,000,000 persons for pleasure, an escape from reality, or relaxation. The main active principle of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol. "Marijuana is not a narcotic and is not mentally or physically addicting drug. One can use mild cannabis preparations such as marijuana in small amounts for years without physical or mental deterioration. Marijuana serves to diminish inhibitions and acts as a euphoriant. Some who smoke marijuana feel no effects; others feel relaxed and sociable, tend to laugh a great deal, and have a profound loss of the sense of time. Characteristically, those under the influence of marijuana show incoordination and impaired ability to perform skilled acts. Still others experience a wide range of emotions including feelings of perception, fear, insanity, happiness, love and anger" (Annas 19). Although marijuana is not addicting, it may be habituating. The individual may become psychologically rather than physically dependent on the drug. Those who urge the legalization of marijuana maintain the drug are entirely safe. The available data suggested, this is not so. Marijuana occasionally produces acute panic reactions or even transient psychoses. Furthermore, a person driving under the influence of marijuana is a danger to themselves and others. There is no established medical use for marijuana or any other cannabis preparation. In the United States, its use is a crime and the laws governing marijuana are similar to those regulating heroin. Many authorities now urge that the laws be modified to mitigate the penalties relating to conviction on marijuana possession charges. The Case for Legalizing Marijuana use the United States stands apart from many nations in its deep respect for the individual. The strong belief in personal freedom appears early in the nation's history. The Declaration of Independence speaks of every citizen's right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The Constitution and Bill of Rights go further, making specific guarantees. The right to privacy in recent years, Americans have referred to privacy as one of the basic human rights, something to be claimed by anyone, anywhere. United States citizens feel strongly about this and often tell other countries that they must honor their people's claims to privacy and personal freedom. The marijuana user is indulging in a minor pleasure over which that government should have no jurisdiction. It is quite clear from survey data that most people do not become physically dependent on marijuana. The majority uses it as others use alcohol - to relax occasionally and to indulge a festive mood. How can a mild intoxicant, taken less than once a day by most users, be seen as a public threat? The law should not penalize even those who are "hooked", or psychologically dependent upon their habit. Some people find any compulsive and unproductive behavior disgusting. But that is not a reason for outlawing it. The attempt to use the law to tell people what they may and may not consume at home is an arrogant invasion of personal privacy. Protecting the drug user's physical health sometimes it is said that the law must protect the drug user from himself. One of the detriments of tolerating drug use, according to this theory, is that is encourages the use of more and different drugs. The National Institute on Drug Abuse's 1984 report to Congress cited no evidence to support the idea that drug use is hurting economic productivity. It said: The fact is, very little is known about the complex relationship which undoubtedly exists between drug abuse, worker performance, and productivity, or the lack thereof.... Simply put, the number of unanswered questions currently far outnumbers the available answers. Nor is there any strong evidence that legalizing marijuana would increase use of the drug. In fact, there is some evidence suggesting that drug use under a relaxed legal system might not increase at all. Many states have removed the penalties for marijuana possession that were on the books in the 1950s and 1960s. The change occurred during a reform movement that swept the nation in the mid 1970s. Yet in spite of the

7 Body Language Tricks That Will Improve Your Reputation at Work

7 Body Language Tricks That Will Improve Your Reputation at Work Body language can be surprisingly important. If you’re just starting out, or you’re a new manager, or even if you’ve been a boss for decades, there are a few tricks you should make sure to keep in your arsenal to appear more powerful and assert yourself in your career. 1. Make Eye ContactLook people in the eye whenever you’re being spoken to. It’s both commanding and polite. If it makes you too nervous to look directly in the eyes, try looking at the nose or ears- just make sure your focus is on their face.2. Delay Your SmileInstead of smiling the second you meet someone, take one moment just to look at them and consider them for a second, then- and only then- give them your biggest, warmest smile. Even a delay smaller than one second can give an air of sincerity to your post-assessment.3. Count BlinksIf you count your conversation partner’s blinks, you not only can increase your feelings of warmth and respect for that person by focusing your attention, but you can also ensure that you’re making good eye contact!4. Use Your HandsCharismatic leaders tend to talk with their hands. It makes you look commanding and powerful, so go ahead and incorporate your natural gestures into your speech.5. Pay Attention to PostureMake sure you’re sitting or standing upright and with your head held high. This can actually trick your brain into feeling more positive and powerful. And sends a strong signal.6. Don’t FidgetTry limiting the fidgeting- this includes crossing and re-crossing your legs. Minimizing your movement will often maximize your credibility and make people feel more comfortable in your presence.7. Try the SteepleTry putting your hands in the steeple position, with your fingertips together. This is a strangely powerful gesture that communicates confidence, listening skills, and competence almost effortlessly. Extra points if you lean back while doing it.

FedEx Express Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

FedEx Express - Essay Example FedEx started its business long back in 1997 as a logistics services company which specialization was import/ export division with the name FDX. But it started its full operation in 1998 after the acquisition of Caliber System Inc. After that it started ground services with express shipping. Caliber handled the small package ground service and RPS; Viking Freight handled the less than truck loads throughout the western United States, Roberts Express handled the shipping services, airfreight services between Caribbean and United States handled by Caribbean Transportation Services. For technology solutions it got help from Caliber Logistics and Caliber Technology. Later in 2000 FedEx bought Tower Group International which was a logistics services company working internationally and WorldTariff which was a tax and customs duty organization. And then merged those two organizations, and form FedEx Trade Network. (FedEx Express, 2013) The main line of business of the FedEx Express: Later i n 2004 FedEx Corp takes over Kinko’s Inc. and set up FedEx Kinko’s. After this merging FedEx not only became a logistics provider for organizations but it enhance its operation to the individual public. After that all the FedEx Kinko retail stores starts offering shipping exclusively but later in 2008 FedEx exclude Kinko’s name from its name and made it FedEx Office. During 2004, FedEx bought Parcel Direct and renamed it as FedEx SmartPost. FedEx Express is an airline service which only dealt with cargo. In terms of freight tons it is the largest airline of the world and in terms of size of the fleet the fourth largest airline of the world. Names of the countries in which the FedEx operates: FedEx Express served to 375 destinations every day to almost all the countries. As the largest express transportation company of the world it headquarters in Memphis International Airport except that in United States of America its national hub is in Indianapolis Internation al Airport. Other regional hubs in United States of America are Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport, Oakland International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, Fort Worth Alliance Airport and Miami International Airport. Outside of United States of America other regional headquarters are like Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport, Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport, Toronto Person International Airport and Cologne Bonn Airport. Another airport which was about to open for FedEx Express was Piedmont Triad International Airport. 4P's marketing mix concept by the FedEx: Competition: Competitors for FedEx are ARAMEX, BAX Global, Choice Logistics, DHL Express, Purolator Courier, TNT N.V., United Parcel Service etc. Other freight competitors for FedEx Express in international market are like DHL, UPS (United Postal Service) from United States. And from foreign countries like Deutsche Post, TNT N.V. Except them others are like freight forwards, and other passengers and cargo airlines. Many competitors of FedEx are government controlled or subsidized organizations. Because of that those organizations have better resources; costs of services are low, low profit margin and favors regarding government policies and rules-regulations. Target market: FedEx made a seven year contract in

Giftedness-underrepresentation of African Americans students in gifted Term Paper

Giftedness-underrepresentation of African Americans students in gifted programs - Term Paper Example Although all gifted individuals have varied traits, characteristics and behaviors but the most common of these elements found in gifted students were: humor, capability to understand and comprehend symbols, highly creative, proper reasoning and decision making skills, well shaped cognition, highly motivated and excellent ability to communicate. All these elements are necessary for an individual to perform well in different settings. These researchers even figured out that other than previous stated elements, gifted students even have high amount of emotional intelligence. People such as the great Martin Luther King, Lady Diana, and Rachel Carson were the ones who made a huge difference to the gifted students, the traits and behaviors exhibited by these great individuals include: they were quite courageous, they had a very high desire to turn things around, the degree of cognitive as well as physical energy vested in them was quite high. These people even had team work, leadership ski lls. The existence of the myth that the gifted students are those who have one similar standard of ability, behavior and traits is due to the fact that various gifted students have not been able to gain education and training due to which they have failed to develop their abilities and skills. The researchers even figured out that gifted students are not gifted with all these abilities and skills since birth, and there are not few special chosen ones who have been awarded with these skills and abilities and these skills and abilities are developed by those individuals who have high potential. Thus giftedness is not inborn, rather it is learned (Reis 2009). According to John O’ Neil’s (1992) findings, focus on performance assessment tests have increased due to the increase in importance of students graduating with skills and abilities required to solve new problems (O'Neil 1992). Performance tests refers to tests taken for a specific ability or skill, for example to che ck whether a student has learned a particular foreign language, a test that makes him speak in that language is the most appropriate as compared to multiple choice tests. Multiple choice tests cannot help in accomplishing whether a student has learned what he was trained for and whether he has acquired the skills and abilities for which he had gained education. These tests are even conducted on state level; the state conducts performance assessment tests to check how well individual students are performing at the state level. Teachers are even experiencing immense pressure from these tests, teachers are focusing their teaching methods and syllabus according to these tests, and these tests are used to rank different educational institutes. These tests have even changed the teaching system, for example: previously educational centers used to base their teaching criteria on multiple choice tests and they used to assign less writing tasks to students, but now more writing tasks are assi gned to students so students can compete well in writing performance assessment tests. These tests even benefits the teachers as these teachers experience development themselves, they are involved in the creation of these tests and the marking and the ranking systems designed for these tests. John O’

California natives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

California natives - Essay Example the degradation of the environment (massive clearing of forests, siltation of river systems, loss of wildlife game and draining of marshlands) that adversely affected the natives. The native population of California just a few centuries ago was so diverse that about 500 independent different tribal groups were identified by anthropologists (ibid. 3) in the area. However, the tragedy was that much of this local culture was lost forever with very few items and artifacts left to record their way of life due to the forced assimilation adopted by settlers. As a result, although the native population had risen after 1900, that population had lost much of its ethnic purity with most of natives half-breed (mixed marriages and broken traditions). Linguistic diversity was also lost with many unable to speak their native tongues. This essay tries to look back at those times and examine the effects of two groups of settlers – the Spaniards and the Russians. Each group had a different purpose of going to the area and therefore had a different impact on the lives of the natives. This paper also looks at a specific aspect of native life during that bygone era and gives brief contrast with the Western way of life and the valuable lessons that could have been learned by everyone. The recorded history of California (as viewed from Western eyes) begun with Spanish religious missions together with settlers and soldiers. The missions and the presidios usually were built near other in case of attacks from the coast or from the native Indians and later on grew into pueblos (small towns). The presidios were actually small forts where soldiers were posted so they can aid the mission in case they were under threat. These structures survived to this day and are among the most visited tourist sites. These relics and monuments of Spanish colonization form a chain of 21 missions built along El Camino Rey (The Royal Highway) and considered as the refuge of religion and serenity while

The Relationship Between Intellectual Property And Human Rights International Law Essay

The Relationship Between Intellectual Property And Human Rights International Law Essay The aim of this assignment is to consider the relationship between intellectual property and human rights. Intellectual property rights have spread out through many bilateral, regional and multilateral treaties and the importance of intellectual property is increasing with each passing day.  [1]  However, the rights stemmed from intellectual property have started up a harsh discussion with a human rights aspect due to its affects on human rights.  [2]   The problems derived from this relation have been developed in depth. In the first part, intellectual property-related human rights law and human rights-related intellectual property law are discussed. The TRIPS Agreement is analyzed and the discussion of whether intellectual property rights are human rights is examined according to the international instruments when appropriate. One of the more intriguing questions is whether intellectual property rights are human rights; to answer this, we should look at the international instruments. In part 2, the European Court of Human Rights decisions concerning whether the term possession in Article 1  [3]  of Protocol No. 1 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms includes intellectual property rights such as trade mark, copyright, patent. In part 3, TRIPS agreement and its impacts on the realization of human rights such as the tension between patents and right to health related to HIV and AIDS which mostly affects underdeveloped and developing countries are analyzed. I would like to clarify in advance that all related subjects concerning the relationship between intellectual property and human rights is not analysed since there are numerous branches stemmed from that relationship. Therefore, it is required to choose the most important and relevant parts of that relationship. For instance, some international instruments which are related to both intellectual property and human rights are not examined. Moreover, TRIPS Agreement does not only have negative effects on right to health but also on other human rights however only right to life is analysed due to the same reason. The relationship between human rights and intellectual property which were formerly strangers, are now becoming intimate bedfellows. This case is stated as For decades the two subjects developed in virtual isolation from each other. But in the last few years, international standard setting activities have begun to map previously uncharted intersections between intellectual property law on the one hand and human rights law on the other.  [4]   The interplay of human rights and intellectual property rights has reached new heights since the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) which was enacted in 1995 and hereafter states, courts scholar, intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) such as the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the World Trade Organisation WTO), the U.N Commission on Human Rights and the Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) has drawn more attention to this link.  [5]   Moreover, before TRIPs Agreement was entered into effect, there had already been some impacts to create this intimate bedfellow. The first one is the adaptation of non-binding document named UDHR in 1948 by General Assembly of the United Nations. After the Second World War, the problem of disregard and contempt for human rights broke out and the declaration arose from these affects of the Second World War which represents the first global expression of right. In the UDHR, the significantly important article in terms of intellectual property is Article 27(2) which is analysed below. In the mid-1960s, so as to make the UDHR binding, two covenants which are ICCPR and ICESCR were adopted. Under article 17 of the ICCPR and under article 15(1)(c) of ICESCR  [6]  the link between intellectual property and human rights is once more stated and more attention is drawn to that relationship and to the debates caused by this relationship. As a result, the relationship between intellectual property rights and human rights which is quite complicated and controversial has been at the centre of the heated debates for both IP and HR specialists for over half a century. The effect of IP rules on the ability of States to comply with their obligations under international human rights such as the duty to guarantee everybody access to affordable medicines is at the core of the debate.  [7]  Despite the fact that it is commonly known a perfect balance is probably unattainable, some international intellectual property rights such as the TRIPS Agreement recognise that optimal balance has to be created between intellectual property rights and human rights.  [8]  On the other hand, it is also argued that whether intellectual property rights are human rights. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY-RELATED HUMAN RIGHTS LAW The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights(ICCPR) and its two Optional Protocols, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights(ICESCR) which were adopted in 1966, 1948 and 1966 respectively, form the International Bill of Human Rights. These instruments have always been used to argue that human rights covenants identify intellectual property rights as human rights.  [9]   As it is stated above Article 15(1)(c) of the ICESCR is related to the intellectual property and it recognises the right of everyone to benefit from both moral and material interests resulting from any literary, scientific or artistic production of which he is the author. Moreover, Article 15 (1) does not only talks about the protection of the material benefits of the author but also recognizes the right of people to take part in cultural life, enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications which means that article 15 impliedly mentions the need of balance between the rights of the author, who makes a specific contribution, with the individual and collective rights of society to benefit from this contribution.  [10]  According to some people this reading of the law is the proof of that the intellectual property rights are human rights.  [11]  12 Similarly, as it is stated above Article 27(2) of UDHR is related to the intellectual property and intellectual property rights are enshrine as human rights in the UDHR under that article which states that everyone has the right to protection of moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic work of which he is the author.  [13]  However, Article 27 of UDHR and Article 15 of ICESCR lead to some questions such as all intellectual property rights are human rights. (instead of saying lead to some questions and giving only one example, say emphases that question whether intellectual property rights human rights? ) According to the intellectual property right advocates these articles show that all intellectual property rights such as patents, trademarks, plant breeders rights are human rights.  [14]  In order to give a reasonable answer to this question, these provisions have to be examined closely in terms of the meaning of the term author. According to the majority of specialists in both areas, the term author does not contain only the word writer but also the breeder and inventor.  [15]  In my point of view, these provisions refer to the word author and it covers the copyright protection due to the usage of term author in copyright.(so from your point of view what is author containing and why? Only saying due to it covers protection of copyright is not enough. Make more comment) However, the word authors has to be interpreted narrowly according to the VCLT rules.  [16]  Therefore, for instance, the protection of moral and material benefits of authors cannot include the meaning of protection of the benefits of a patent. In other words, when we take into consideration of Article 27(2) of UDHR and article 15(1)(c) of ICESCR it is concluded from the interpretation of these two articles that all intellectual property rights are not accepted as human rights under these provisions. why? ( mesela 15 in a b c fikralari ndan bahset bu fikralarin getirdiklerine ve neyden bahsediyolar, hr baglanti var mi yok mu, authordan bahsetmissin ama asil fikranin author icin etkisinden bahsetmemissin, yani author bu fikradan nasil etkilenecek ?) At that point, General Comment No 17 which was adopted by the ECSR Committee has to be pointed out regarding the question whether Article 15(1) (c) refers to the protection of intellectual property. According to the General Comment on Article 15(1)(c) of ICESCR, it is not possible to conclude that article 15(1)(c) protects intellectual property rights or lift up intellectual property to the human rights stratosphere.  [17]  This case is mentioned in some paragraphs of General Comment such as paragraph 1 saying that it is important not to equate intellectual property rights with the human right recognized in article 15, paragrap1 (c) by showing the reasons stated in paragraph 1 and 2 where it generally stresses the difference between human rights and intellectual property rights and paragraph 7 noting that intellectual property rights entitlements, because of their different nature, are not protected at the level of human rights. Furthermore, the committee limits the scope of the author term by stating that no legal entity can be deemed to be an author through implementing the words everyone, he and she by indicating the drafters belief that authors of scientific, literary or artistic productions can only be natural persons.  [18]  This interpretation shows that intellectual property rights are neither recognized as human rights nor mentioned under that article. For, intellectual property right holders in most cases are legal entities such as the large companies holding patents that can have a potential to affect the medicine attainability and exempting these companies is against its nature. On the other hand, in the light of general comment no 17, it can also be construed that not all intellectual property rights but only the natural owners intellectual property rights are recognised as human rights. Besides, article 12 of UDHR  [19]  , which provides protection against arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home or correspondence and against attacks upon honour and reputation, is also accepted within the wider intellectual property framework, such as an action for violation of confidence, trade secrets, moral rights and even personality rights.  [20]  ( bu paragraph hem kisa biraz uzun olmasi lazim hemde biraz bu konu hakkinda sende yorum yap) Moreover, the ICCPR does not provide a positive basis for the protection of intellectual property rights, but under article 17 it guarantees, indirectly, the protection of moral rights that there shall not be any unlawful attacks on a persons honour and repudiation and also Article 19 mentions the freedom of expression which contains right to receive and impart information and ideas which shows that there is further indirect protection for reputational rights.  [21]  (Freedom of expressionnun insanin en temel haklarindan oldugundan vazgecilemeyeceginden bahsedip Article 19 da da deginilmesi dolayli bir koruma getiridgine kanit oldugunu soylebilirsin) THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Furthermore, the European Court of Human Rights has identified intellectual property rights as human rights when interpreting the term possession in Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. In Anheuser-Busch Inc v Portugal case  [22]  which is related to the application of brought by Anheuser-Busch Company to register the Budweiser as a trade mark which had already been registered as a designation of origin on behalf of a Czechoslovak Company, the Grand Chamber of ECHR held that IPRs undeniably attracted the protection of Article 1 of Protocol No.1 of the ECHR and that it is clear a trade mark falls within the scope of the term possession under that article. Similar decision was held for copyrights by ECHR in Basan v Moldova  [23]  that the protection under article 1 also extends to copyrights.  [24]  Besides, in Smith Kline and French Laboratories Ltd v the Netherlands  [25]  the ECHR indicated that pa tent amounts to a possession within the meaning of that article.  [26]  Thus, even if the scope of the term possession is not defined explicitly, there is no doubt that the intellectual property rights are protected by article 1 of protocol 1 of the convention. This interpretation is also mentioned by an author that: The concept of possessions in the first part of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 has an autonomous meaning which is not limited to the ownership of physical goods and is independent from the formal classification in domestic law: certain other rights and interests constituting assets can also be regarded as property rights, and thus as possessions for the purposes of this provision.  [27]  ( concept of the possessionsi paragrafin baslarina al, caselar hakkinda cok detayli bilgi gerekmiyo bence ve sonlara dogru mahkemenin tutumunu kendi yorumunla acikca belirt) TRIPS AGREEMENT AND REALIZATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS After analysing the intellectual property-related human rights instruments, we should also examine the human rights related intellectual property agreement which is the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, more commonly known as TRIPS negotiated in 1994 at the Uruguay Round of GATT and the ratification of TRIPS became a compulsory requirement of WTO membership. Any countries willing to enter international markets facilitated by WTO have to comply with strictly enforced intellectual property law by TRIPS. This makes TRIPS a very critical instrument for maintaining intellectual property laws in the time of globalization. The TRIPS agreement that has a so-called major aim to enhance the standards of intellectual property rights, particularly in under-developed countries, has huge impacts on the realization of human rights through its implementation.  [28]  For, under TRIPS the protection of patents is strengthened however this strengthening has started being harmful for fundamental human rights such as right to health.  [29]  In other words, the nexus between the intellectual property rights and realization of human rights in under-developed countries occurs with regard to a number of human rights such as rights to health particularly in the context of the HIV/AIDS epidemics in Africa and India.  [30]  This is due to the fact that medical patents force countries to introduce product patents in pharmaceuticals, thereby not allowing the generic medicines which leads to dramatic drop in the prices of these drugs, adversely effecting the medicines accessibility and endanger the life of a subst antial number of persons, thereby the human rights to health.  [31]   In my point of view, TRIPS Agreement fulfils its own obligations partly by emphasising, impliedly under article 7, the need to balance the human rights and intellectual property rights, by not providing any method on how to accomplish this balance.  [32]  Therefore, the ways of achieving that balance should be inserted by a clause into TRIPS Agreement since in terms of right to health, the affordability and accessibility of medicines, particularly by needy people, are the two major components of right to health. As a result, TRIPS Agreement, contrary to its so-called aim to enhance the standards of intellectual property rights particularly in under-developed countries, has brought benefits only to developed countries and this has done by preventing the development of developing countries. Therefore, TRIPS Agreement should be amended as soon as possible. The reaction, against the impacts of intellectual property rights on the realization of human rights such as the significant changes in the drug prices, is also taken in hand by the Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights which declares that any intellectual property rights regime that which would make it more difficult for a state to comply with its core obligations in relation to the right to health and food would be inconsistent with the legally binding obligations  [33]  of the concerned state.  [34]   CONCLUSION In my point of view, which is also the dominant view among people concerning the question whether intellectual property rights are human rights, intellectual property rights cannot be recognized as human rights  [35]  since they are incompatible to each other. After the WTOs TRIPS agreement was adopted which made WTO countries to include patent protection for pharmaceuticals, this dominant view among authorities has strengthened and the view of adherents started to argue that the duties imposed by the TRIPS agreement, particularly in the form of medical patent, come in the way of countries fulfilling their international obligations towards fulfilling their citizens right to health, which is a well recognised human right.  [36]   Moreover, it is commonly accepted by many authorities, including authors and also the General Comment No 17  [37]  regarding the Article 15(1) (c) of ICESCR, that defining intellectual property rules as human rights is problematic at the theoretical level since on the one side human rights are the rights that are inalienable and part of universal entitlements that are not limited in time or space and cannot be suspended or curtailed. On the other side, Intellectual property rights are limited-duration statutory rights which are granted by the State. Furthermore, it is not really logical to recognise intellectual property rights as human rights whereas human rights such as right to health are recognized as rights that are inherent to mankind by virtue of their humanity. Besides, they can be curtailed in certain circumstances where they conflict with the larger interests of society.  [38]   The reason of focusing on the underdeveloped and developing countries is that HIV and AIDS affect people living in poorer countries to an exponentially greater extent than people in rich countries.  [39]  ( bence, son cumleyi bu konuyu anlattigin yere eklersen daha iyi olacak gibi cunku genel bilgi verirken ozel bir aciklama yapmissin)